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File & Directory Management
- ls: List files and directories.
- cd: Change the current directory.
- pwd: Show the current directory path.
- mkdir: Create a new directory.
- touch: Create an empty file.
- rm: Delete a file or directory.
- mv: Move or rename files.
- cp: Copy files or directories.
- tree: Display directory structure in a tree format.
Viewing & Editing Files
- cat: Display file contents.
- less: View file one page at a time.
- head: Show the first lines of a file.
- tail: Show the last lines of a file.
- nano: Edit text files in the terminal.
- wc: Count lines, words, and characters.
- file: Determine file type.
Permissions & Ownership
- chmod: Change file permissions.
- chown: Change file owner.
- ls -l: View file permissions.
- umask: Set default permissions.
Searching & Finding
- find: Locate files by name or criteria.
- grep: Search for text in files.
- locate: Quickly find files using a database.
- which: Find path of a command.
System Monitoring
- top: Real-time process viewer.
- htop: Enhanced process viewer.
- ps: List running processes.
- kill: Terminate a process.
- uptime: System uptime.
- free -h: Memory usage overview.
- df -h: Disk space usage.
- du -sh *: Show sizes of folder contents.
Networking
- ping: Test network connection.
- ip a: Show network addresses.
- netstat -tuln: List open ports.
- curl: Transfer data from URLs.
- wget: Download files.
- scp: Copy files over SSH.
- ssh: Remote login.
Archiving & Compression
- tar: Archive files.
- gzip: Compress files.
- gunzip: Decompress .gz files.
- zip: Create zip archive.
- unzip: Extract zip archive.
- 7z: 7-zip archive utility.
User Management
- adduser: Create a new user.
- passwd: Change user password.
- whoami: Show current user.
- sudo: Run command as another user.
Nano Editor Shortcuts
- Ctrl+O: Write file (save).
- Ctrl+X: Exit nano.
- Ctrl+K: Cut line.
- Ctrl+U: Paste line.
- Ctrl+W: Search.
- Ctrl+\: Find and replace.
System & Shell Info
- uname -a: System information.
- echo $SHELL: Show shell.
- env: Environment variables.
- history: Command history.
- alias: Create shortcuts.
- man: View manual pages.
- --help: Show command help.
Fun & Extras
- cowsay: Talking ASCII cow.
- fortune: Random quote.
- neofetch: System info in style.
- cal: Calendar.
- date: Current date and time.